Tube sound Wikipedia. Vacuum tubes glowing inside the preamp section of a modern guitar amplifier. Tube sound or valve sound is the characteristic sound associated with a vacuum tube amplifier valve amplifier in British English, a vacuum tube based audio amplifier. After introduction of solid state amplifiers, tube sound appeared as the logical complement of transistor sound, which had some negative connotations due to crossover distortion of early transistor amplifiers. The audible significance of tube amplification on audio signals is a subject of continuing debate among audio enthusiasts. Many electric guitar, electric bass, and keyboard players in several genres also prefer the sound of tube instrument amplifiers or preamplifiers. HistoryeditBefore the commercial introduction of transistors in the 1. Great Britain as valves. By the 1. 96. 0s, solid state transistorized amplification had become more common because of its smaller size, lighter weight, lower heat production, and improved reliability. Tube amplifiers have retained a loyal following amongst some audiophiles and musicians. Some tube designs command very high prices, and tube amplifiers have been going through a revival since Chinese and Russian markets have opened to global tradetube production never went out of vogue in these countries. Sound reproductioneditAudiophiles disagree on the relative merits of tube vs solid state amplification. Some prefer the sound produced from tube amplifiers on the grounds that it is more natural and satisfying than the sound from transistor amplifiers. Otherwise this preference or difference is far too generalised or even vague without taking amplifier designs into consideration, and there are many. Certainly these audible differences are due to distortion types harmonic, distribution, level and other factorscitation needed. Solid state designs can be manufactured without output transformers and are therefore immune to speaker dependent impedance mismatches and other transformer effects which alter the system spectral response. On the other hand, flat frequency response does not necessarily mean a good sounding amplifier. The loudspeaker itself regardless of price will likely produce more non linearity and uneven frequency response than any other part of the system. Typically, in sound reproduction systems, accurate reproduction of the sound of the original recording is the goal distortion and uneven spectral response is to be avoided. Musical instrument amplificationeditSome musicians6 also prefer the distortion characteristics of tubes over transistors for electric guitar, bass, and other instrument amplifiers. In this case, generating deliberate and sometimes considerable, in the case of electric guitars audible distortion or overdrive is usually the goal. The term can also be used to describe the sound created by specially designed transistor amplifiers or digital modeling devices that try to closely emulate the characteristics of the tube sound. The tube sound is often subjectively described as having a warmth and richness, but the source of this is by no means agreed on. It may be due to the non linear clipping that occurs with tube amps, or due to the higher levels of second order harmonic distortion, common in single ended designs resulting from the characteristics of the tube interacting with the inductance of the output transformer. Audible differenceseditThe sound of a tube amplifier is partly a function of the circuit topologies typically used with tubes versus the topologies typically used with transistors, as much as the gain devices themselves. Beyond circuit design, there are other differences, such as the differing electronic characteristics of triode, tetrode, and pentode vacuum tubes, along with their solid state counterparts such as bipolar transistor, FET, MOSFET, IGBT, etc. These can be further divided into differences among various models of the said device type e. EL3. 4 vs. 6. L6 tetrodes. In many cases circuit topologies need to account for these differences to either homogenize their widely varying characteristics or to establish a certain operating point required by the device. The low frequency roll off can be explained by many tube amplifiers having high output impedance compared to transistor designs. The roll off is due to higher device impedance and reduced feedback margins. More feedback results in lower output impedance. Harmonic content and distortioneditTriodes and MOSFETs produce a monotonically decaying harmonic distortion spectrum. Even order harmonics and odd order harmonics are both natural number multiples of the input frequency. A psychoacoustic analysis tells us that high order harmonics are more offensive than low. For this reason, distortion measurements should weight audible high order harmonics more than low. The importance of high order harmonics suggests that distortion should be regarded in terms of the complete series or of the composite wave form that this series represents. It has been shown that weighting the harmonics by the square of the order correlates well with subjective listening tests. Weighting the distortion wave form proportionally to the square of the frequency gives a measure of the reciprocal of the radius of curvature of the wave form, and is therefore related to the sharpness of any corners on it. Based on said discovery, highly sophisticated methods of weighting of distortion harmonics have been developed. Since they concentrate in the origins of the distortion, they are mostly useful for the engineers who develop and design audio amplifiers, but on the other hand they may be difficult to use for the reviewers who only measure the output. A huge issue is that measurements of objective nature for example, those indicating magnitude of scientifically quantifiable variables such as current, voltage, power, THD, d. B, and so on fail to address subjective preferences. Evolution X Badge Install. Especially in case of designing or reviewing instrument amplifiers this is a considerable issue because design goals of such differ widely from design goals of likes of Hi. Fi amplifiers. Hi. Fi design largely concentrates on improving performance of objectively measurable variables. Instrument amplifier design largely concentrates on subjective issues, such as pleasantness of certain type of tone. PREVIEWS/63463243/23432455/marshall/marshall_mhz40c_professional_audio_sch.pdf_1.png' alt='Marshall Amplifier Service Manual Pdf Power' title='Marshall Amplifier Service Manual Pdf Power' />Fine examples are cases of distortion or frequency response Hi. Fi design tries to minimize distortion and focuses on eliminating offensive harmonics. It also aims for ideally flat response. Musical instrument amplifier design deliberately introduces distortion and great non linearities in frequency response. Former offensiveness of certain types of harmonics becomes a highly subjective topic, along with preferences towards certain types of frequency responses whether flat or un flat. Pushpull amplifiers use two nominally identical gain devices in tandem. One consequence of this is that all even order harmonic products cancel, allowing only odd order distortion. This is because a pushpull amplifier has a symmetric odd symmetry transfer characteristic. Power amplifiers are of the push pull type to avoid the inefficiency of Class A amplifiers. A single ended amplifier will generally produce even as well as odd harmonics. Iran System Font. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications IJERA is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. A type of low power triode for use at high frequencies, the lighthouse tube has a planar construction to reduce interelectrode capacitance and lead inductance. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Ac97 Modem Controller / Pci Modem Driver. Diagramas y manuales de servicio de AUDIO Equipos de Musica, Amplificadores, Reproductores, Etc Marcas. 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